Nut Imperial
Peter I in Russian History Part 2
The name of Peter linked the transformation of Russia into an empire, a Eurasian military power.
Peter is still in the 90-ies. XVII century, came to the conclusion that to eliminate the relative international isolation requires access to the seas – the Black Sea and Baltic Sea – or at least one of them. Initially, Russian expansion rushed to the south – in 1695 and 1696 years. held the Azov campaign. Having failed at Azov in 1695, Peter, with his characteristic energy began to build the fleet. The fleet was built on the Voronezh River near its confluence with the Don. During the year, was built about 30 large vessels, lowered down the Don. As a result of the second Azov campaign was taken, access to the Azov Sea was assured. But the Turks refused to pass Russian ships through the Kerch Strait and the more so through the Bosporus – access to trade routes still remained closed.
After the Grand Embassy to Europe (1697-1698 Gg.) 2 Peter, it became clear that the focus of Russian foreign policy should move to the West. The main objective was the entrance to the Baltic Sea, where fully dominated Sweden. The origins of the territorial claims of Russia to Sweden led to Stolbovoy the world in 1617, by which Sweden received the territory from Lake Ladoga to Ivangorod (Yam Koporie, Nut and Korely). The main damage to Russia is that it was closed on the Baltic Sea. But alone to cope with Sweden was impossible. He needed allies. They were found in the person of Denmark and Saxony, who were unhappy with the domination of Sweden in the Baltic. In 1699 Russia established with Denmark and Saxony allied relations. Characteristically, Peter managed to hide the true intentions of Russia. Swedish King Karl XII, interest in Russia’s war with Turkey, even gave Peter 300 guns.
The Great Northern War (1700-1721 Gg.) Divided into two stages: first – from 1700 to 1709 (before the Battle of Poltava), the second – from 1709 to 1721 (with the victory at Poltava before concluding Nishtadt world). The war began for Russia and its allies fail. Denmark was immediately withdrawn from the war. In November 1700 eight thousand Swedes defeated the 60000th Russian army under Narvoy3. This was a serious lesson, and Peter was forced to proceed to hastily change, to create a new regular army of the European model. Already in the years 1702-1703. Russian troops first victory. Were taken fortress Noteborg (renamed Schlisselburg – Key-city), Nyenskans; mouth of the Neva was in the hands russkih4.
Nevertheless, the first stage of the war strategy, the initiative remained in the hands of Sweden, whose troops occupied Poland, Saxony and invaded Russia. Abroad in the war was victorious for the Russian army bitva5 Poltava (June 27, 1709). The strategic initiative passed into the hands of Russia. But the nature of war by Russia has changed. Peter give up his previous promises to the allies to limit the return of the old Russian territories. In 1710, the Swedes were released Karelia, Livonia, Estonia, to capture the fortress of Vyborg, Revel, Riga. If it were not for the war with Turkey, 1710-1713 years., North managed to end the war quickly. Sweden’s allies ousted from all its overseas territories. Swedish empire collapsed.
The ultimate fate of the Northern War at sea was solved in the battles of Gangut (1714), the islands of Saaremaa Island (1719) and Grengam (1720). Moreover, Russian troops have repeatedly landed on the Swedish coast. Karl XII could not accept defeat and continued to fight until his death in Norway in 1718, the New King of Sweden, Frederick I had to sit at the negotiating table. August 30, 1721 was signed Treaty of Nystad, which Russia takes over Estland, Livonia, Ingria, the city of Vyborg and Kexholm. Sweden has retained Finland, received compensation for Livonia (2 million thalers) and bargained right to buy duty-free bread in Riga and Revel.
Peter considered his victory the biggest joy in my life. In October of 1721 lasted a month celebrations in the capital culminated in a solemn ceremony of the king the title of Emperor nationwide. For the life of Peter his new status as the Emperor recognized Sweden, Denmark, Prussia, Holland, Venice.
Russia agreed to the main foreign policy task, which tried to implement the Russian tsars for two centuries – out to sea. Russia firmly established in the circle of European powers. Been established permanent diplomatic relations with major European countries.
After the Northern War intensified easterly direction of Russian politics. The aim was to capture marching through the Caspian transit routes eastern trade. In the years 1722-1723. Russia moved to the western and southern coast of the Caspian Sea, which belonged formerly Persia.
Thus, Russia’s foreign policy has evolved in the direction of imperial policy. It was under Peter I created the Russian Empire, formed the imperial thinking, which persisted for nearly three centuries.
About the Author
Jennifer Flores
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