Hat Yellow
How the Jewish Hat Evolved through the Middle Ages
Jewish men distinguished themselves from their environment by wearing a pointy-shaped hat which took many forms through the Middle Ages. Wearing the Jewish hat – usually white or yellow in shade – was initially elective. Jews believed that by covering their head they were showing reverence for God in a way that also served as a constant reminder.
They was not just being philosophical, however – Jewish leaders were serious and so made a law requiring it. And observant Jews were to keep their heads covered most of the time. This belief was reflected in their art. Frequently Jewish manuscripts were illustrated with the Jewish hat. The Hebrew calendar and later coat of arms included by German Jews pictured the hat. In fact, even historic Christian Jewish figures such as Saint Joseph and the Lord Jesus were depicted wearing the Jewish hat.
However, the Jewish hat became a stone of stumbling to the Gentile world. Muslims and Christians also wore distinguishing hats, and neither wanted there to be confusion as to who one was for social interactions and especially marriage. So the governments – religiously inclined – stepped in.
In the Muslim world the state leaders (called caliphs) ordered the dhimmis (or non-Muslims) to wear head coverings that stood out. As to how exactly these stood out was left to the local caliph to decide. But generally the Jewish hat was bright. In 850, for example, caliph al-Mutawakkil ordered all dhimmis to cover their heads with a shawl-like headscarf call a taylasin. In the 16th century the Jewish hat of the Maghreb (a group of 5 North Africa countries: Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya and Mauritania) took the form of black turbans. Compliance was compulsory.
things got compulsory too at the Fourth Lateran Council convened by Pope Innocent III. He ordered non-Christians (Jews and Muslims) to distinguish themselves for marriage purposes. He claimed authority from Mosaic law based on Leviticus 19:19 and Deuteronomy 22:5 and 11. More notorious than requiring Jewish men to wear the hat, was, however, the yellow cloth badge in the shape of a star. The yellow badge was required throughout Medieval time and later shamefully revived by the Nazis.
Jews did not like this intervention into their faith. It was their precept, and they wanted to choose the type of hat they so desired – not out of discrimination and shame for their belief – but out of a joy for the duty that was set before them.
The form of the Jewish hat changed much through the Middle Ages. In the 13th century, it took the form of the soft felt Phrygian cap. This cap was a floppy, pointy felt cap with a round circular brim. It varied in size. And sometimes by the 14th century displayed a bell or bobble at the tip. The hat later became flatter and more rounded.
And by the 15th century the Jewish hat became quite exotic, featuring a wide, spread out brim, often with flares in Eastern Europe. They were even berets and loose turbans. Jewish art reflects this trend up to the 18th century.
About the Author
Read of more Jewish Hat changes during the Middle Ages.
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