Down Axle

June 16th, 2006

Down Axle

The Car Axle

<!– p.p1 {margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 12.0px Helvetica} p.p2 {margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 12.0px Helvetica; min-height: 14.0px} –>

Let’s cover the basic definition of an axle : a central shaft for either a rotating wheel or a gear. On vehicles that have wheels, the axle can be fitted to the wheels. This means that it rotates them around the axle.

Axles are known to be an integral component of a wheeled vehicle. If there’s a live-axle suspension system, the axles are there to transmit driving torque to the wheel. It also maintains the position of the wheels that are relative to each other and also to the body of the vehicle. The axles that are in this system have to bear the weight of the entire car and the weight of the cargo. If there is a non-driving axle, then there is no shaft. It usually only serves as a suspension and steering component.

In different suspension systems, the axles are installed only to transmit driving torque to the wheels.

If someone is talking about a Straight axle, this means that this special type of axle is a single rigid shaft that connects the wheel on the left side to the wheel on the right side of the car. The axis of rotation fixed by the axle is common to both of the wheels; this specific design can keep the wheel positions steady under heavy stress (if there is any); then, it can have enough support for heavier loads. The straight axles are used on things like trains and heavy-duty vehicles that can be used when someone wants to go off-roading.

If there’s a split-axle design, the wheel on each side of the axle is attached to a separate shaft. Most of the modern passenger cars have split drive axles. In some of these designs, this can usually allow for independent suspension of the left and the right wheels – this gives you a smoother ride. Say the suspension isn’t independent, the split axles permit the use of something called a differential; this lets the left and right drive wheels be driven at different speeds as the car turns – this will improve traction & can even extend your tire life! This means you don’t have to spend as much money for new tires.

A tandem axle is classified as a group of two or more axles that are situated close together; so it’s like sitting in a truck and not having air to even breathe .. kinda. Most truck designs have this type of axle – it gives the car a greater & more efficient weight capacity when you compare it to a single axle. If you have a semi trailer, then you most likely have a tandem axle at the rear.

There’s something called a dead axle (it’s also called a lazy axle), and it’s not really part of the drive train; it’s free-rotating instead. The rear axle of your typical front-wheel drive car can be considered a dead axle. There’s a lot of trucks & trailers that use dead axles for specific load bearing purposes – nothing else. These dead axles are placed immediately in front of the drive axle.  There’s another thing called the tag axle & it’s just the same thing but it’s placed behind the drive axle.

So as you can tell – if you read this entire article – there are more types of axles than the one that comes on your car. They’re not really good or bad, just different types. Which one do you have on your car? Do you know how to identify the one that you have? If not, read it again. I’m sure you have enough time.

About the Author

Junk-Yard-Bids.com

eBay Logo  

TRANSPORT CHAIN 5/16 G70 TOW AXLE STRAPS SLING SHACKLE CLEVIS Tow Dolly Tie Down


TRANSPORT CHAIN 5/16 G70 TOW AXLE STRAPS SLING SHACKLE CLEVIS Tow Dolly Tie Down


$2.15


Lee H4030-2 New Brake Shoes Hold Down Axle Kit


Lee H4030-2 New Brake Shoes Hold Down Axle Kit


$2.50


TRANSPORT CHAIN 3/8 G70 TOW AXLE STRAPS SLING SHACKLE CLEVIS Tie Down Tow Dolly


TRANSPORT CHAIN 3/8 G70 TOW AXLE STRAPS SLING SHACKLE CLEVIS Tie Down Tow Dolly


$2.55


LEE H4049-2 New Brake Shoes Hold Down Axle Kit


LEE H4049-2 New Brake Shoes Hold Down Axle Kit


$3.99


Lee H4096-2 New Rear Brake Shoes Hold Down Axle Kit


Lee H4096-2 New Rear Brake Shoes Hold Down Axle Kit


$3.99


switch plate lift axle top up/down etched block lettering for Kenworth


switch plate lift axle top up/down etched block lettering for Kenworth


$4.48


Trailer Camper RV Axle Dust Cap Grease Cover RV Camper EZ lube hub axle


Trailer Camper RV Axle Dust Cap Grease Cover RV Camper EZ lube hub axle


$4.75


SWITCH PLATE, TOGGLE, LIFT AXLE, TOP DOWN FITS KENWORTH


SWITCH PLATE, TOGGLE, LIFT AXLE, TOP DOWN FITS KENWORTH


$4.94


switch plate lift axle up/down stainless steel block letters for Peterbilt


switch plate lift axle up/down stainless steel block letters for Peterbilt


$5.71


2 GATOR SOFT Motorcycle Tie Down Harley Bike Straps Tow Clevis Shackle Axle


2 GATOR SOFT Motorcycle Tie Down Harley Bike Straps Tow Clevis Shackle Axle


$5.92


Purple 24


Purple 24″ Axle Tie Down Strap 4X4 OFF ROAD MUDDER UMP IMCA SAFETY


$6.97


Yellow 24


Yellow 24″ Axle Tie Down Strap 4X4 OFF ROAD MUDDER UMP IMCA SAFETY


$6.97


Red 24


Red 24″ Axle Tie Down Strap 4X4 OFF ROAD MUDDER UMP IMCA SAFETY


$6.97


Black 24


Black 24″ Axle Tie Down Strap 4X4 OFF ROAD MUDDER UMP IMCA SAFETY


$6.97


Black 24


Black 24″ Axle Tie Down Strap 4X4 OFF ROAD MUDDER UMP IMCA SAFETY


$6.97


Blue 24


Blue 24″ Axle Tie Down Strap 4X4 OFF ROAD MUDDER UMP IMCA SAFETY


$6.97


Red 24


Red 24″ Axle Tie Down Strap 4X4 OFF ROAD MUDDER UMP IMCA SAFETY


$6.97


Yellow 24


Yellow 24″ Axle Tie Down Strap 4X4 OFF ROAD MUDDER UMP IMCA SAFETY


$6.97


Purple 24


Purple 24″ Axle Tie Down Strap 4X4 OFF ROAD MUDDER UMP IMCA SAFETY


$6.97


Blue 24


Blue 24″ Axle Tie Down Strap 4X4 OFF ROAD MUDDER UMP IMCA SAFETY


$6.97


E TRACK WITH O RING (EACH) TOW DOLLY AXLE SLING CLEVIS SHACKLE TIE DOWN AUTO


E TRACK WITH O RING (EACH) TOW DOLLY AXLE SLING CLEVIS SHACKLE TIE DOWN AUTO


$6.98


Yellow 24


Yellow 24″ Axle Tie Down Strap with Sleeve 4×4 UMP IMCA


$6.99


2


2″ TOW DOLLY LASHING WINCH FOR TIE DOWN, AXLE, STRAP


$6.99


2


2″ TOW DOLLY LASHING WINCH, TIE DOWN, SHACKLE, CLEVIS, AXLE, STRAP, RATCHET


$6.99


AXLE STRAP, FOR TOW DOLLY, RATCHET, TIE DOWN, TRUCK


AXLE STRAP, FOR TOW DOLLY, RATCHET, TIE DOWN, TRUCK


$7.25


Black 36


Black 36″ Axle Tie Down Strap 4X4 OFF ROAD MUDDER UMP IMCA SAFETY


$7.97


Blue 36


Blue 36″ Axle Tie Down Strap 4X4 OFF ROAD MUDDER UMP IMCA SAFETY


$7.97


Black 36


Black 36″ Axle Tie Down Strap 4X4 OFF ROAD MUDDER UMP IMCA SAFETY


$7.97


Yellow 36


Yellow 36″ Axle Tie Down Strap 4X4 OFF ROAD MUDDER UMP IMCA SAFETY


$7.97


Purple 36


Purple 36″ Axle Tie Down Strap 4X4 OFF ROAD MUDDER UMP IMCA SAFETY


$7.97


Yellow 36


Yellow 36″ Axle Tie Down Strap 4X4 OFF ROAD MUDDER UMP IMCA SAFETY


$7.97


Blue 36


Blue 36″ Axle Tie Down Strap 4X4 OFF ROAD MUDDER UMP IMCA SAFETY


$7.97


Red 36


Red 36″ Axle Tie Down Strap 4X4 OFF ROAD MUDDER UMP IMCA SAFETY


$7.97


Purple 36


Purple 36″ Axle Tie Down Strap 4X4 OFF ROAD MUDDER UMP IMCA SAFETY


$7.97


Red 36


Red 36″ Axle Tie Down Strap 4X4 OFF ROAD MUDDER UMP IMCA SAFETY


$7.97


VW CV Boot Beetle, Swing Axle Kit 1968-down Volkswagen. Bug, Karmann Ghia, Bus


VW CV Boot Beetle, Swing Axle Kit 1968-down Volkswagen. Bug, Karmann Ghia, Bus


$8.00


AMERICAN EAGLE AXLE SHIRT plaid retro button-down Med


AMERICAN EAGLE AXLE SHIRT plaid retro button-down Med


$8.99


NYLON LIFTING  SLING EE1-901x14 TOW AXLE CLEVIS SHACKLE DOLLY WRECKER TIE DOWN


NYLON LIFTING SLING EE1-901×14 TOW AXLE CLEVIS SHACKLE DOLLY WRECKER TIE DOWN


$9.17


5/8, LIFTING CHAIN, G80, TOW DOLLY AXLE STRAP TIE DOWN


5/8, LIFTING CHAIN, G80, TOW DOLLY AXLE STRAP TIE DOWN


$9.75


Summit Tie-Down Axle Straps 2


Summit Tie-Down Axle Straps 2″ x 36.5″ 5000 lb. Capacity Ea G7966


$9.95


Simpson Racing 35010 Tie-Down Axle Strap 2


Simpson Racing 35010 Tie-Down Axle Strap 2″ x 2 ft. Black Each


$9.95


Highland 9171100 Tie-Down Axle Strap 1 1/2


Highland 9171100 Tie-Down Axle Strap 1 1/2″ x 24″ Yellow 5 000 lb. Rating Ea


$9.95


Summit Racing G7965 Tie-Down Axle Strap 2


Summit Racing G7965 Tie-Down Axle Strap 2″ x 18.50″ Blue Each


$9.95


Black 24


Black 24″ Axle Tie Down Strap with Sleeve 4×4 UMP IMCA


$9.97


Blue 24


Blue 24″ Axle Tie Down Strap with Sleeve 4×4 UMP IMCA


$9.97


Purple 24


Purple 24″ Axle Tie Down Strap with Sleeve 4×4 UMP IMCA


$9.97


Red 24


Red 24″ Axle Tie Down Strap with Sleeve 4×4 UMP IMCA


$9.97


Purple 24


Purple 24″ Axle Tie Down Strap with Sleeve 4×4 UMP IMCA


$9.97


Red 24


Red 24″ Axle Tie Down Strap with Sleeve 4×4 UMP IMCA


$9.97


Blue 24


Blue 24″ Axle Tie Down Strap with Sleeve 4×4 UMP IMCA


$9.97


Yellow 24


Yellow 24″ Axle Tie Down Strap with Sleeve 4×4 UMP IMCA


$9.97


Black 24


Black 24″ Axle Tie Down Strap with Sleeve 4×4 UMP IMCA


$9.97


1903 Print Ad Metal Wheel Of Time No Breaking Down To Fit any Axle Electric IL


1903 Print Ad Metal Wheel Of Time No Breaking Down To Fit any Axle Electric IL


$9.99


Blue 36


Blue 36″ Axle / Rear EndTie Down Strap with Sleeve 4×4


$10.97


Black 36


Black 36″ Axle Tie Down Strap with Sleeve 4×4 UMP IMCA


$10.97


Purple 36


Purple 36″ Axle Tie Down Strap with Sleeve 4×4 UMP IMCA


$10.97


Red 36


Red 36″ Axle Tie Down Strap with Sleeve 4×4 UMP IMCA


$10.97


Yellow 36


Yellow 36″ Axle Tie Down Strap with Sleeve 4×4 UMP IMCA


$10.97


Blue 36


Blue 36″ Axle Tie Down Strap with Sleeve 4×4 UMP IMCA


$10.97


Purple 36


Purple 36″ Axle Tie Down Strap with Sleeve 4×4 UMP IMCA


$10.97


Red 36


Red 36″ Axle Tie Down Strap with Sleeve 4×4 UMP IMCA


$10.97


Yellow 36


Yellow 36″ Axle Tie Down Strap with Sleeve 4×4 UMP IMCA


$10.97


Black 36


Black 36″ Axle Tie Down Strap with Sleeve 4×4 UMP IMCA


$10.97


Blue 36


Blue 36″ Axle Tie Down Strap with Sleeve 4×4 UMP IMCA


$10.97


G-FORCE 2502 21 in. Sleeved Tie Down Axle Strap


G-FORCE 2502 21 in. Sleeved Tie Down Axle Strap


$10.99


1 1/16


1 1/16″ x 3/4″ WHEEL BEARING KIT BOAT TRAILER AXLE CAMPER TIE DOWN 81121 NEW


$10.99


G-FORCE Racing Tie-Down Axle Straps Blue 2


G-FORCE Racing Tie-Down Axle Straps Blue 2″x21″ Flat D-Ring 10000 lb. Capacity


$10.99


NYLON LIFTING SLING EE1-902x8 AXLE TOW DOLLY SHACKLE CLEVIS WRECKER TIE DOWN


NYLON LIFTING SLING EE1-902×8 AXLE TOW DOLLY SHACKLE CLEVIS WRECKER TIE DOWN


$11.55


2


2″x 8ft. PREMIUM Lasso Strap Axle Tow Tire Tie Down


$11.75


2  SOFT cycle Tie Down Honda Axle Straps 3 PAIR


2 SOFT cycle Tie Down Honda Axle Straps 3 PAIR


$11.94


New Go Kart Cart 1


New Go Kart Cart 1″ x 3/4″ Step Down Live Axle Barstool


$12.00


New Go Kart Cart 1


New Go Kart Cart 1″ x 3/4″ Step Down Live Axle Barstool


$12.00


Axle Strap Protective Sleeve Blue Delta Rings 10000 lb. Strap Rating 2


Axle Strap Protective Sleeve Blue Delta Rings 10000 lb. Strap Rating 2″x24″


$12.30


Mac's Custom Tie-Downs Tie-Down Axle Strap Red 2


Mac’s Custom Tie-Downs Tie-Down Axle Strap Red 2″ x 24″ 10000 lb. Capacity Ea


$12.30


Axle Strap Protective Sleeve Black Delta Rings 10000 lb. Strap Rating 2


Axle Strap Protective Sleeve Black Delta Rings 10000 lb. Strap Rating 2″x24″


$12.30


Option - Cut Flange O.D. Down On One Axle


Option – Cut Flange O.D. Down On One Axle


$12.50


Option - Cut Brake Drum Register O.D. Down On One Axle


Option – Cut Brake Drum Register O.D. Down On One Axle


$12.50


MONSTER  Axle Strap, 2 x 31, Tie Down, MULTI-COLORS


MONSTER Axle Strap, 2 x 31, Tie Down, MULTI-COLORS


$12.98


M&R 24


M&R 24″ Axle Tie Down Strap Loop 2″ 10,000 LB 80978-23S


$12.99


Mac's Custom Tie-Downs Tie-Down Axle Straps Black 2


Mac’s Custom Tie-Downs Tie-Down Axle Straps Black 2″ x 36″ 10000 lb. Capacity Ea


$13.25


Mac's Custom Tie-Downs Tie-Down Axle Straps Blue 2


Mac’s Custom Tie-Downs Tie-Down Axle Straps Blue 2″ x 36″ 10000 lb. Capacity Ea


$13.25


Mac's Custom Tie-Downs Tie-Down Axle Strap Red 2


Mac’s Custom Tie-Downs Tie-Down Axle Strap Red 2″ x 36″ 10000 lb. Capacity Ea


$13.25


1989 Press Photo tracks down axles rollers wrap tank


1989 Press Photo tracks down axles rollers wrap tank


$13.88


1 - 2X27 RATCHET ASSY TOW AXLE TIE DOWN CLEVIS SHACKLE


1 – 2X27 RATCHET ASSY TOW AXLE TIE DOWN CLEVIS SHACKLE


$13.95


1983 Honda CR250R CR 250 R Elsinore 83 front axle lock down


1983 Honda CR250R CR 250 R Elsinore 83 front axle lock down


$13.95


MONSTER  Axle Strap, Tie Downs, 2 x 36, MULTI COLORS


MONSTER Axle Strap, Tie Downs, 2 x 36, MULTI COLORS


$13.98


21


21″ Red Tow Axle Strap & Sleeve Trailer Tie Down D Ring


$13.99


E-TRACK RATCHET ASSY choice,  TOW AXLE CLEVIS SHACKLE TIE DOWN AUTO TRANSPORT


E-TRACK RATCHET ASSY choice, TOW AXLE CLEVIS SHACKLE TIE DOWN AUTO TRANSPORT


$13.99


Dexter Axle - Tekonsha RV Hold Down Kit - 5353


Dexter Axle – Tekonsha RV Hold Down Kit – 5353


$14.04


Mac's Custom Tie-Downs Tie-Down Axle Strap Red 2


Mac’s Custom Tie-Downs Tie-Down Axle Strap Red 2″ x 40″ 10000 lb. Capacity Ea


$14.20


Mac's Custom Tie-Downs Tie-Down Axle Straps Black 2


Mac’s Custom Tie-Downs Tie-Down Axle Straps Black 2″ x 40″ 10000 lb. Capacity Ea


$14.20


Mac's Custom Tie-Downs Tie-Down Axle Straps Blue 2


Mac’s Custom Tie-Downs Tie-Down Axle Straps Blue 2″ x 40″ 10000 lb. Capacity Ea


$14.20


Tie Down LightDuty Axle Straps Race Car Trailer Set of4


Tie Down LightDuty Axle Straps Race Car Trailer Set of4


$14.95


MONSTER  Axle Strap, 2 x 48,  Tie Downs,  MULTI COLORS


MONSTER Axle Strap, 2 x 48, Tie Downs, MULTI COLORS


$14.98


NYLON SLING EN1-902x8', TOWING, STRAP LIFTING AXLE SHACKLE CLEVIS TIE DOWN


NYLON SLING EN1-902×8′, TOWING, STRAP LIFTING AXLE SHACKLE CLEVIS TIE DOWN


$15.18


4 Car Hauler Tie Downs Axle Straps Wrecker Tow Truck


4 Car Hauler Tie Downs Axle Straps Wrecker Tow Truck


$15.40


2  SOFT Cycle Tie Down Quad Honda Harley Tow Dolly Axle Straps 4 PAIR Choice


2 SOFT Cycle Tie Down Quad Honda Harley Tow Dolly Axle Straps 4 PAIR Choice


$15.92


2 Tie Down HD Axle Straps 2x24 Race Car Hauler Tow Truck 10,000lb 5 YR Warranty


2 Tie Down HD Axle Straps 2×24 Race Car Hauler Tow Truck 10,000lb 5 YR Warranty


$15.95


2ea 21


2ea 21″ HD AXLE STRAPS CAR HAULER TOW TRUCK TIE DOWN BL


$15.95


2ea 21


2ea 21″ HD AXLE STRAPS CAR HAULER TOW TRUCK TIE DOWN BK


$15.95


OnGuard 3 Piece Locking Skewers


OnGuard 3 Piece Locking Skewers


$45.99


Replaces existing wheel and seat quick releases. Cold forged steel. One key unlocks all three….

2 Tie Down HD Combo Axle Straps 2x40 Race Car Hauler Tow Truck 10,000lb


2 Tie Down HD Combo Axle Straps 2×40 Race Car Hauler Tow Truck 10,000lb


$11.95


The WRAP-AROUND AXLE STRAP assembly is utilized by many car owners for the secure trailering of their cars. High-test Steel “D” Rings are used in all Axle Strap Assemblies which are gold cadmium treated for corrosion resistance.10,000 lb. assemblyTwo-ply webbingDelta ringsProtective Sleeve…

Moroso 80700 24 Axle Loop Tie Down


Moroso 80700 24 Axle Loop Tie Down


$23.09


Axle Tie-Down Loop W-2 in. x L-24 in. Polyester Strap 5000 lb. Rating D-Rings 12 in. Cordura Center Sleeve…

New - Deluxe Aluminum Transport Wheelchair - 5654936


New – Deluxe Aluminum Transport Wheelchair – 5654936



This lightweight chair weighs just 23.5 lbs! This is the ideal chair for loading into trunk, car or airplane and the rear handles fold down for easy storage or transportation. The powder coated aluminum frame is lightweight, durable, and is available in two exciting colors. The seat is made from durable and lightweight nylon upholstery and a seatbelt is included for safety. Black composite wheels …


New - Deluxe Aluminum Transport Wheelchair - 5654940


New – Deluxe Aluminum Transport Wheelchair – 5654940



This lightweight chair weighs just 23.5 lbs! This is the ideal chair for loading into trunk, car or airplane and the rear handles fold down for easy storage or transportation. The powder coated aluminum frame is lightweight, durable, and is available in two exciting colors. The seat is made from durable and lightweight nylon upholstery and a seatbelt is included for safety. Black composite wheels …


New - Excel Aluminum Transport Wheelchair - 5654917


New – Excel Aluminum Transport Wheelchair – 5654917



This chair weights just 19 lbs! The powder coated aluminum frame is lightweight and durable, and the seat is made from durable lightweight nylon upholstery. Rear handles fold down for easy storage or transportation, making this the ideal chair for cars, trunks, and airplanes. Black composite wheels require virtually no maintenance and incorporate dual-sealed precision bearings. A seatbelt is inclu…


Patriot Bolt 64GB USB 2.0 Flash Drive with 256-bit AES encryption, PSF64GBTUSB


Patriot Bolt 64GB USB 2.0 Flash Drive with 256-bit AES encryption, PSF64GBTUSB


$179.99


64GB USB Bolt; The Patriot Bolt USB Flash drive is perfect for everyone who needs their data on-the-go. Built with hardware based 256-bit AES encryption to protect your sensitive data. More than just secure, Bolt is also lightning fast with up to 27MB/s read and 13MB/s write speeds. Bolt is available in capacities from 4GB up to 64GB. 256-bit AES encryption. Supports Windows only…

3.5mm Stereo Audio Headset Adapter/ Adaptor w/ Mic for Samsung: A117, A127, A137, A167, A177, A237, A257 (MAGNET), A517, A637, A737, A747, A767, A777, A827, A837, A867 (Eternity), A877 (Impression), A887 (Solstice), i325, i617, i627 (Propel pro), i637 (Jack), i907 (Epix), i910 (Omnia), M310, M510, M520, R200, R300, R310 (Byline), R311 (Axle), R400, R410, R430 (MyShot), R500, R610, T109, T119, T229, T239, T339, T349, T429, T439, T469 (Gravity 2), T539, T559 (Comeback), T659, T729, T739, T749 (Highlight), T819, T919 (Behold), T929 (Memoir), U650 (Sway)


3.5mm Stereo Audio Headset Adapter/ Adaptor w/ Mic for Samsung: A117, A127, A137, A167, A177, A237, A257 (MAGNET), A517, A637, A737, A747, A767, A777, A827, A837, A867 (Eternity), A877 (Impression), A887 (Solstice), i325, i617, i627 (Propel pro), i637 (Jack), i907 (Epix), i910 (Omnia), M310, M510, M520, R200, R300, R310 (Byline), R311 (Axle), R400, R410, R430 (MyShot), R500, R610, T109, T119, T229, T239, T339, T349, T429, T439, T469 (Gravity 2), T539, T559 (Comeback), T659, T729, T739, T749 (Highlight), T819, T919 (Behold), T929 (Memoir), U650 (Sway)


$7.95


Switch MP3 stereo hands-free to cell phone hands-free, add speak function to MP3 stereo hands-free, with switch button, mute, volume control function….

Radio Flyer Pathfinder Wagon Red


Radio Flyer Pathfinder Wagon Red


$74.74


The popular Radio Flyer Pathfinder Wagon combines durability, comfort, and safety in a compact package pleasing to both kids and adults. The well-designed, award winning wagon features cup holders and flip-up seats that support children’s backs. The seats can be put down when hauling stuff around. Parents will appreciate the safety belts, storage compartment, and long handle for easy pulling. Desi…

Funtrix Deluxe Diabolo with DVD - Assorted Colors


Funtrix Deluxe Diabolo with DVD – Assorted Colors


$20.35


Diablo Toy has two hand sticks with an attached string between the tips of both rods. The Diablo resembles an inverted football with a smooth solid non-spinning metal axle in the center. Use the rods to get the diablo spinning on the string. Next try tossing and catching the diablo. There are many tricks which can be preformed with the Diablo Toy Set. Instructional DVD provides information on 30 o…
Share and Enjoy:
  • Print
  • Digg
  • Sphinn
  • del.icio.us
  • Facebook
  • Mixx
  • Google Bookmarks
  • Blogplay
Comments are closed.