Caterpillar Seal
Domestic Moths
Clothes Moths (Family Tineidae & Oecophoridae)
Most of our household clothes moths belong to the family Tineidae. The adult moths are generally small insects with a wingspan of 10-20 mm, more or less brownish in colour but often with a golden or silvery sheen. The head is rather roughly haired, with the proboscis (or feeding-tube) reduced or absent altogether. Hence, the adult insects do not feed and it is their larvae (or caterpillars) that damage our fabrics. Clothes moths in general are dark-loving insects and, although males and spent females sometimes come to light, they are more likely to scuttle for cover than to fly into the open when disturbed.
The larvae are whitish in colour and feed mainly on dried plant and animal material. Clothes moth larvae are among the few insects able to digest the keratin of hairs and feathers. The natural haunts of these insects are the nests of birds and small mammals, from where it is only a short step to human households in which carpets, clothing, and general debris provide abundant food. Damage to articles may consist of irregular surface feeding (especially on carpets) or holes eaten completely through the fabric, usually in association with the ‘tell-tale’ signs of silk webbing produced by the caterpillars. Moths are more likely to attack fabrics soiled by perspiration and urine, or stained by spillage of beverages and food, than clean fabrics. Furthermore, only natural fabrics are at risk, especially those containing wool or cotton – the larvae will not attack synthetic fibres (nylon, polyester, acrylic, etc.), so that clothing and furnishings made from these materials are relatively safe from moth damage unless they are heavily soiled by sweat, urine, food stains, etc. Pipe-lagging, because it is left undisturbed and is often warm, is a particularly favourable site for these moths, although again modern man-made plastic and fibre-glass materials are safe from attack.
Adult of the Common Clothes Moth (Tineola bisselliella) – colour brownish with golden or silvery sheen, length 5-8 mm
Photo: Ben Smart ©
Larva of the Case-bearing Clothes Moth (Tinea pellionella) with its case, up to 10 mm long
Photo: Ian Kimber ©
Adult of the Case-bearing Clothes Moth (Tinea pellionella)
Photo: Charles Baker ©
The most important species, from the point of view of damage, is the Common or Webbing Clothes Moth (Tineola bisselliella). Its larvae feed on all keratin-containing materials – hair, wool, silk, feathers, and so on – and will also consume vegetable matter such as cotton and stored cereal products. The Case-bearing Clothes Moth (Tinea pellionella) is less troublesome in fabric damage but can still be a serious pest. Its common name stems from the larval habit of constructing a tubular case from silk and fragments of surrounding materials. Caterpillars of the Tapestry Moth (Trichophaga tapetzella) also damage fabrics but they prefer coarser materials than the previous two clothes moths. They are often found in owl pellets, which may be their natural food. Another moth which can be broadly grouped with the tineid clothes moths, although not a member of the same family but belonging to the related family Oecophoridae, is the Brown House Moth (Hofmannophila pseudospretella). Its larvae normally feed on plant and animal debris in birds’ nests, but they often find their way into houses and attack assorted fabrics and stored foods.
Clothes moth damage in Britain has declined in recent years, probably due to the increased use of man-made fibres, more frequent dry-cleaning, the much drier atmosphere created by central heating, and the use of insecticides, but the risk of damage to clothing and fabrics still remains fairly high. Householders should be always vigilant and regularly inspect the contents of wardrobes, cupboards, drawers and other storage areas, as well as undisturbed areas of carpeting behind and under furniture, for early signs of these moths before their number build-up and cause serious damage to stored clothing, linen and other household fabrics.
Control of Clothes Moths
- The best way to avoid problems with clothes moths is through prevention. Woollens and other susceptible fabrics should be dry-cleaned or laundered before being stored for long periods. Cleaning kills any eggs or larvae that may be present and also removes perspiration odours that are attractive to the pests. Cleaned articles can be sealed in plastic clothes bags to reduce exposure to moths and the chance of future infestations developing.
- Moth infestations are less likely in clothing, carpets and soft furnishings made from synthetic fibres than in those made from natural materials preferred by moths, such as wool or cotton, although it is still important to keep synthetic fabrics clean.
- Standard household insecticides should not be used to treat clothing. However, some professional dry cleaners may be able to treat susceptible fabrics with a suitable, safe mothproofing liquid as part of their service. Valuable garments such as furs can also be protected from clothes moths by storing them in refridgerated vaults – a service offered by some furriers and department stores.
- Controlling existing infestations of clothes moths requires patience and a thorough inspection to locate all potential sources of infestation, including roof spaces and lofts where pipe-lagging, roof insulation materials or debris from nesting birds may attract and harbour moths. All infested items should be thrown out, laundered or dry-cleaned.
- Vacuum cleaning will effectively remove larvae which are already present as well as hair, fluff and other debris which could support future infestations. Take care to vacuum infested areas thoroughly, especially under the edges of carpets, along skirtings and into corners, underneath furniture, and inside closets, wardrobes, cupboards and other enclosed, dark and undisturbed areas where larvae prefer to feed or adult moths may hide. Be sure to dispose of the contents of the vacuum cleaner bag after you clean.
- Freeze-treatment can be used for small items such as ornaments and fur toys by placing them in a home freezer for about a week to kill eggs and larvae, followed by thorough cleaning of the items.
- Insecticide treatment of infested areas is often useful as a supplement to good housekeeping, but only use products approved and recommended for clothes moth control (see warning note below), and with a manufacturers guarantee on the packaging that they can be used safely on fabric materials without staining or damage. Sprays may be applied to carpets, especially along and beneath the edge adjacent to the skirting, underneath furniture and other likely areas of infestation where prolonged contact with humans or pet animals is unlikely – clothing and bedding should not be sprayed with insecticides.
- N.B. The control measures described above for Clothes Moths are also applicable to Carpet & Fur Beetles, as well as other domestic beetle pests that likewise attack carpets, furs and household fabrics.
WARNING. Traditional Moth Balls (even if available) should not be used. These contain either Naphthalene or Paradichlorobenzene. Both chemicals are potentially very toxic. They vaporize to produce fumes which may have toxic effects on humans and pet animals. Likewise, household insecticide products containing Dichlorvos should not be used. All dichlorvos-based household insecticides have been withdrawn from sale in the UK as potentially unsafe. They are no longer approved for home use by the UK Advisory Committee on Pesticides (ACP) and the Health & Safety Executive (HSE). Before buying or using household insecticides check the active ingredients listed on the product packaging. Avoid all products that contain Naphthalene, Paradichlorobenzene or Dichlorvos. Do not use any insecticides on clothing, bedding or other fabrics that come into close contact with humans or pets.
Natural Anti-moth & Anti-insects products here.
Meal, Flour & Wax Moths (Family Pyralidae)
Adult Pyralidae are rather delicate moths with a wingspan of about 20-40 mm, usually more or less brownish in colour, although the wings of some species are distinctively patterned with contrasting dark and pale areas, and sometimes with reddish or green-tinged patches. The forewings are generally narrow and the hind wings somewhat broader, and both pairs of wings bear relatively short fringes. The adult moths, like the clothes moths, cause no direct damage and it is only the larval stages (or caterpillars) that attack our food stuffs.
Caterpillars of pyralid moths are generally whitish or pale-yellowish in colour with few distinguishing features, but often they can be recognise by their vigorous wriggling when disturbed. They feed on a wide variety of materials, including grain and other stored food products, and many of them live in silken tubes and tunnels. It is always advisable to keep household foods such as grain, cereals, flour, nuts, etc., in well sealed plastic or glass containers – this not only keeps out vagrant moths, but also prevents the spread of insects which might be introduced accidentally (often as eggs and/or larvae) with newly purchased goods.
The main pest species of stored food include the Flour or Meal Moth (Pyralis farinalis), the Mediterranean Flour Moth (Ephestia kuehniella) and the Indian Meal Moth (Plodia interpunctella). The larvae of these and several other species feed on cereals and cereal products and frequently destroy or damage large quantities of food in granaries and flour mills. They also attack nuts and dried fruit.
Adult of the Indian Meal Moth (Plodia interpunctella) length 8-10 mm
Photo: Ben Smart ©
Larva of the Wax Moth (Aphomia sociella) is typical of pyralid caterpillars that live inside silken tunnels
Photo: Ben Smart ©
Other pyralid moth pests include the Wax Moth (Galleria mellonella) which is a pest in honey bee hives, where the larvae feed on the wax of the combs, covering them with silken tunnels. They may also feed on the offspring of the bees when present in large numbers, and because of this they are much feared as pests by bee-keepers. The larvae of another common wax moth (Aphomia sociella) attack the nests of wild social bees and wasps, especially those of bumblebees, where they likewise eat and destroy the brood comb, as illustrated above (go to the Moth & Butterfly Gallery to see the adult of this species).
Control of Meal & Flour Moths
- The best method of avoiding problems with stored product pests is good sanitation. Be sure that the areas where food is prepared, eaten, and stored are cleaned regularly. Leaving spilled food or food exposed in open packets and containers attracts and harbours these pests. Avoid such practices and, together with regular cleaning, you will probably never have a problem. Remember that crumbs and bits of dried food may accidentally fall behind furniture, under appliances, or into cracks in worktops, storage cupboards and drawers. Regularly pull out appliances and drawers and thoroughly vacuum these areas to remove all traces of accumulated debris.
- Buy dry food stuffs intend for storage, such as cereals, grain, meal, flour, biscuits, nuts, dried fruits, etc., only in quantities that you will use in a reasonable length of time. Materials stored for long periods (e.g., six months or more) are often the source of serious infestations. Pests can develop here without being noticed. In any event, routinely check all stored food products, especially those that go extended periods of time between use.
- Meal and flour moth caterpillars can chew their way into cardboard boxes and thin polythene bags. Always keep stored materials in tight-fitting containers, preferably of glass, metal or tough plastic. If an infestation should occur under these conditions (possibly introduced with newly purchased goods), it probably will be confined to a single jar or container and easily eradicated by discarding the contents. Glass jars should have rubber seals, and metal or plastic containers should have tight-fitting lids. Dried pet foods are one of the most frequent stored products attacked by moth pests, so it is wise to be especially attentive to the storage of these foods. If you find a container with infested food, place the food container in a home freezer for about a week, which should kill any livestock that is present. Then discard the infested material and wash the container thoroughly before reusing.
- If a moth infestation becomes apparent, locate the source immediately and get rid of it. If you act early enough, this may be the only material infested. Examine unopened food packages thoroughly. If there is the slightest suspicion — be ruthless — throw it out. If the material appears uninfested and you prefer to keep it, then at least transfer it to a sealed glass, metal or plastic container and inspect it frequently. Use a vacuum cleaner to remove debris from cracks and corners of infested storage areas. Also clean all nearby areas, especially spills and crumbs behind and alongside appliances. Scrub the storage space and vicinity with very hot water and a good household kitchen cleaner or strong detergent solution. Allow to dry thoroughly before replacing food stuffs.
- Insecticide control of household food pests is not generally recommended and can only supplement the more important steps of sanitation. Only use insecticides well away from areas where food is stored, prepared or eaten and then only as a last resort – for example, to treat inaccessible cracks and crevices in other parts of the house or building (away from food) where caterpillars or adult moths may have crawled or flown away from an infested food source and hidden themselves.
- N.B. The control measures described above for Meal and Flour Moths are also applicable to Grain & Flour Beetles, as well as other domestic beetle pests that likewise attack dried food products.
WARNING. Do not use insecticides in pantries, kitchens, dinning rooms or other areas of the house where food is stored, prepared or eaten. Insecticide contamination of food may have toxic effects and is a potential health hazard.
Natural Anti-moth & Anti-insects products here.
About the Author
Kendall Bioresearch Services – Dr David A Kendall BSc PhD
Consulting Entomologist
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